The entitlement Bismarck instituted at his time was affordable by the state, because retired people would live another 2 or 3 years, not 20 or 30 years as they live today. Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Daewoo and SK, whose combined exports account for half of the country’s total exports, agreed to focus on core competencies by weeding out non-essential subsidiaries and affiliates. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Europe and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.

TerraForm Power was the first of SunEdison’s yield cos to go public in July 2014. Investors snapped up the shares in the low interest rate environment of the period driving the firm’s share price up by 21% by the end of the year. But as SunEdison’s growth accelerated so did its debt, which totaled $16.1 billion by September 2015. To keep cash dividends paid to investors high, the yield cos had to continually acquire projects which drove up valuations of renewable companies. SunEdison saw itself as a company that sold solar power without having to shoulder the cost of building a solar farm, fields of solar panels designed to capture the sunlight for conversion into electricity. SunEdison would sign contracts called power purchase agreements enabling the customer to buy solar power generation at a fixed price over time without having to make any upfront payments.

The public knows that a survey by Edelman, a public relations firm, found that only 13 percent of the people trust political leaders to tell the truth. A decision on disbursing the new bailout funds for Greece has been time and again delayed until the Troika, and then Euroland’s finance ministers, approve—and they approve only if they believe the Greek government has lived up to its promises. These are the bailout’s conditions which include deep wage cuts and plenty of layoffs in the outsized public sector. Earlier responses to unemployment consisted of providing temporary jobs through public works and SOC projects. After concerns were raised about the effectiveness of spending public money to create jobs, more serious attempts have been made to induce business formation, especially through joint ventures with foreign companies.

Debt-for-equity swap

One case where such a debt–equity swap, or recapitalization, was used as a defensive measure involved Activision, an international developer, publisher, and distributor of video games and other interactive entertainment products. In the early 1990s, the company found itself in so much debt that management felt that it threatened Activision’s prospects for survival. The company had $25 million in claims against it and a market value of only $2 million. Among the most common forms of in-court debt restructuring for firms in the United States are Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 bankruptcy. Economist Joseph Stiglitz testified that bank bailouts “are really bailouts not of the enterprises but of the shareholders and especially bondholders. There is no reason that American taxpayers should be doing this”. He wrote that reducing bank debt levels by converting debt into equity will increase confidence in the financial system.

Debt–Equity Swap

Creditors may agree to forgo a certain amount of outstanding debt in exchange for equity in the company. 債務舒緩 happens in the case of companies with a large base of assets and liabilities, where forcing the company into bankruptcy would create little value for the creditors. Countries can face default on their sovereign debt, and this has been the case throughout history. This can mean moving the debt from the private sector to public sector institutions that might be better able to handle the impact of a country’s default.

China as an emerging creditor

For example, if you file for bankruptcy, it will appear in your credit reports and hurt your credit scores. However, if the lender offers to change your interest rate to lower your monthly payment, your scores might not be impacted by the change. Your personal loan lender may offer to restructure your loan if you’re having trouble making payments. You can reach out to your lender to explain why you can’t afford the normal payments and see if they will offer any relief or restructuring.

Under Chapter 11, firms form a plan to reorganize their credit obligations, such that they are able to continue operating while they are going through with their debt repayment plans and after they become solvent. Such plans are colloquially referred to as “cramdown plans.” Chapter 11 is considered to be one of the most expensive and complicated forms of bankruptcy to file. In said cases, a trustee is appointed by the court to run the business until all bankruptcy proceedings are completed. But uptake of the Common Framework has been limited, with only three countries seeking relief—all of which have experienced slow progress with creditors thus far. Despite its name, the Common Framework lacks clear steps and timelines for bringing the parties to a debt restructuring together, and instead operates on an ad hoc basis allowing for high-stakes ambiguity and uncertainty. In addition, the effectiveness of both HIPC and the MDRI was predicated on multilateral and Paris Club lenders owning the bulk of poor countries’ debt.